Functional groups

• Functional group is an ‘atom’ or ‘a group of atoms’ which makes a carbon compound (or organic compound) reactive and decides its properties (or functions).

Alcohol Group:-

• Alcohol group is made up of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom joined together:

• The examples of compounds containing alcohol group are : methanol, CH₃OH, and ethanol, C₂H₅OH.

Aldehyde Group

• It consists of one carbon atom , one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom joined together:

• The aldehyde group is sometimes called formyl group.

Ketone Group:

• It consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen joined together:

• Propanone is an example of ketone group

HALOALKANES

• Haloalkane is obtained when one hydrogen atom of an alkane replaces a halogen atom. Haloalkane is also called halogenoalkane .
• For example, when one hydrogen atom of methane is replaced by a chlorine atom, we get chloromethane:

Naming of Haloalkanes

• CH₃Cl – IUPAC name: Chloromethane           Common name = Methyl chloride
• C₂H₅Cl- IUPAC name: Chloroethane             Common name = ethyl chloride.

ALCOHOLS

• Alcohol group is the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.
• For example, by replacing one hydrogen atom of methane by a hydroxyl group (OH) we get an alcohol called methyl alcohol or methanol:

(Methane)                       (Methyl Alcohol)

Naming of Alcohols

• CH₃OH – IUPAC name: Methanol            Common name = methyl alcohol
• C₂H₅OH – IUPAC name: Ethanol              Common name = ethyl alcohol

ALDEHYDES

• Aldehydes are the carbon compounds (or organic compounds) containing an aldehyde group (- CHO group) attached to a carbon atom.
• The two simple aldehydes are formaldehyde, HCHO (which is also called methanol) and acetaldehyde, CH₃CHO (which is also called ethanal).

Naming of Aldehydes

• HCHO – IUPAC name: Methanal             Common name = formaldehyde.
• CH₃CHO – IUPAC name: Ethanal            Common name: acetaldehyde

KETONES

• Ketones are the carbon compounds (or organic compounds) containing the ketone group, – CO – group.

Naming of Ketones

• CH₃COCH₃    : IUPAC name: Propanone         Common name: acetone.
• CH₃COCH₂CH₃  : IUPAC name: butanone  Common name: ethyl methyl ketone.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (OR ORGANIC ACIDS)

• The carbon compounds (or organic compounds) containing carboxylic acid group (-COOH group) are called carboxylic acids.
• They are commonly known as organic acids.

Naming of Carboxylic Acids (or Organic Acids)

• HCOOH   : IUPAC name: Methanoic acid      Common name: formic acid.
• CH₃COOH I: UPAC name: Ethanoic acid      Common name: acetic acid.