# Development

## 02 Development

#### What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals

• Different persons can have different developmental goals.
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other and may even be destructive.

#### Income and other goals

• People are common in their desire for regular work, better wages, and decent price for their crops or other products that they produce.
• They also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others and resent discrimination.
• If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases but if there is respect for women, there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside.
• Provision of a safe and secure environment is necessary for women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

#### How to compare different countries or states?

• Greater income is considered to be one important goal and countries with higher income are considered more developed than others with less income.
• Countries have different populations, so comparing total income will indicate the average income of a person.
• The average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
• This criterion is used in classifying countries in World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank
• According to this countries are classified as:
• Rich countries: Countries with per capita income of US$12236 per annum and above in 2016. • Low-income countries: Those with per capita income of US$ 1005 or less.

#### Income and other criteria

• Haryana has the highest per capita income and Bihar is at the bottom.
• So, if per capita income were to be used as the measure of development, Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least developed state among the three.

#### Public Facilities

• In many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to go to high school because the government or society has not provided adequate facilities even in modern times.
• Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
• Similarly, in some states, health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better because the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well.

#### Human Development Report

• Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
• Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
• Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared.

#### Sustainability of Development

• Renewable resources:
• Groundwater is an example of renewable resources that is replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants.
• But, these resources may be overused too, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain.
• Non-renewable resources:
• These resources will get exhausted after years of use because there is a fixed stock of these on earth which cannot be replenished.
• Although new sources are discovered and add to the stock, it will get exhausted over time.